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Introduction
The significance of nanofluid droplet evaporation is evident in its diverse applications, such as printing, coating, and supraparticle formation. Although both superhydrophobic and para-hydrophobic surfaces display high water contact angles, it’s important to note that the latter exhibits significantly higher contact angle hysteresis compared to the former. Simulating how nanoparticles are distributed within sessile droplets holds the potential for precise predictions regarding nanofluid drying and eventual deposition. It’s worth highlighting that the influence of the chosen diffusion coefficient model on nanoparticle dynamics has received limited attention in research so far.

Aim
Our objective is to develop a novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework using COMSOL Multiphysics to predict the influence of surface wettability and the solute diffusion model on the evaporation behavior of nanoparticle-laden droplets.